Table 1 Measurement variables for the strategic values of big data

Variable Operational definition Related literature
Products and services The degree of big data’s contributing to the improvement of products and services, sensing of risk, and the discovery of opportunities Steve et al.(2011) Chau & Xu(2011) McAfee & Brynjofsson(2012) Steve et al.(2011) Quinn & Baily(1994) Miles(2008) Kim Eun-jeong(2008) Mckinsey(2011), Gartner(2012) SERI(2012) Kyung Jeong-ik(2015b)
Management productivity The degree of big data’s contributing to the shortened business hours, cost reduction, improved profitability, and improved business
Decision support The degree of big data’s supporting the decision-making of user, manager, and CEO